Recombinant Bacterium and Uses Thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a recombinant bacterium expressing an antigen that is translocated to the cytosol of a host organism, and uses thereof. To this end, the present invention provides a recombinant bacterium comprising a nucleic acid encoding an antigen that is translocated to the cytosol of a host cell utilizing Type Ill secretion system. The recombinant bacterium is generally chosen from intracellular pathogens that reside in the phagosome and fail to induce rapid T cell activation. The translocated antigen may be a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen, or a tumour antigen. Methods of imparting immunity using the recombinant bacterium are also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application is a Continuation, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§120 to, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/516,090 filed Oct. 16, 2014, whichis a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/811,690 filed Jan. 23,2013, which is a national stage entry from International PatentApplication No. PCT/CA2011/00848 filed Jul. 28, 2011, which in turnclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/368,346filed Jul. 28, 2010, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.Also, the Sequence Listing filed electronically herewith is herebyincorporated by reference (File name: 2016-12-05T_1036-0014C_Seq_List;File size: 43 KB; Date recorded: Dec. 5, 2016).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to recombinant bacterium and uses thereof.More specifically, the invention relates to recombinant bacteriumexpressing an antigen that is translocated to the cytosol of a hostorganism, and uses thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various vaccine vectors or adjuvants that induce potent T cell responsesare known in the art (Kaufmann and Hess, 1997). However, very fewvaccine vectors exist that induce rapid and potent memory CD8+ cytolyticT cell responses, and that are safe and cost-effective (Raupach andKaufmann, 2001). Unlike other T cells, CD8+ T cells uniquely provideimmune-surveillance to the entire body because they recognize targets inthe context of MHC class I molecules, which are present in every cell(Bevan, 1995). Furthermore, CD8+ T cells can eliminate infected cells ortumour cells rapidly. Thus, the induction of specific, potent CD8+ Tcells is highly desirable for diseases that are caused by intracellularpathogens and tumours.

Intracellular pathogens induce CD8+ T cell responses; however, theresponses are either highly attenuated or the organism itself is highlytoxic. Generally, rapid proliferation of pathogens is countered by rapidpresentation of antigen to CD8⁺ T cells within the first few days ofinfection and activated CD8⁺ T cells undergo profound expansion(>1000-fold) within the first week of infection, which results inresolution of infection (Kaech and Ahmed, 2001). Similarly, CD8+ T cellsplay a key role in mediating immune-surveillance against tumours (Smythet al., 2000). While antibodies and helper T cells mainly promoteclearance of extracelluar pathogens (Kaech et al., 2002), CD8+ T cellsplay a principal role in controlling intracellular pathogens andtumours. Thus, rapid induction of memory CD8+ T cells is essential fordeveloping vaccines against tumours or intracellular pathogens.

While the CD8+ T cells play a key role against various diseases, theirinduction is highly tedious. Antigenic proteins injected into hosts inthe absence or presence of adjuvants does not lead to the induction ofCD8+ T cells (Moore et al., 1988). This is mainly because extracelluarproteins do not gain access to the cytoplasm (cytosol) ofantigen-presenting cells (APC) (Rock, 1996). Rather, these extracellularproteins or vaccines are trafficked through specialized intracellularvesicles called phagosomes, which leads to the activation of helper Tcells to aid antibody production. For induction of CD8+ T cellresponses, the pathogen or the vaccine has to reside within the cytosolof an antigen-presenting cell (Bahjat et al., 2006).

Alternative routes of cross-presentation of non-cytosolic antigens to Tcells have been suggested (Schaible et al., 2003; Houde et al., 2003;Yrlid and Wick, 2000), however the efficiency of these pathways incontrolling pathogens isn't clear (Freigang et al., 2003). Dendriticcells may pick up antigen from dying APCs and present it to CD8⁺ T cells(Albert et al., 1998). Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST)induces rapid death of macrophages and dendritic cells (Hersh et al.,1999; van der Velden et al., 2000) and it has been shown thatcross-presentation of ST antigens occurs through dendritic cells (Yrlidand Wick, 2000). Phagosomes have themselves been considered to becompetent at promoting cross-presentation (Houde et al., 2003). However,these mechanisms are of little protective value since rapid pathogenelimination is not observed. Cells that are cross-presenting ST antigensdon't appear to serve as good targets for CD8⁺ T cells to mediate theirfunction. Thus, target cell accessibility seems to be the criticaldifference between direct and cross-presentation.

Subunit vaccines that consist of purified proteins admixed withadjuvants typically do not induce CD8+ T cell response due to residenceof these entities within phagosomes of cells (Bahjat et al., 2006).However, some adjuvants induce CD8+ T cell responses most likely by thecross-presentation pathway (Krishnan et al., 2000). Subunit vaccines aredifficult to mass-produce and are faced with numerous technicaldifficulties including batch to batch variability, quantitation of theantigen-adjuvant ratio, and extensively laborious procedures. To avoidthis problem, live vaccines are preferred. However, live vaccines can beeither over- or under-attenuated and it is difficult to find the rightbalance (Raupach and Kaufmann, 2001).

Typically, viral infections (such as Lyphochoriomeningitis virus, LCMV)lead to potent activation of CD8+ T cell responses due to theirreplication within the cytosol of infected cells (Kaech et al., 2002;Murali-Krishna et al., 1998). However, it is difficult to justify theuse of viral vectors as a live vaccine due to the lack of availabilityof reagents to control the virus, particularly in immunocompromisedhosts. Live bacteria can be considered as an alternative option forvaccine development since antibiotics can be used in case they are notcontrolled by the host. However, extracellular bacteria do not gainaccess to the cytosol of infected cells, hence fail to induce CD8+ Tcell response (Bevan, 1995). On the other hand, intracellular bacteriainduce CD8+ T cell response, albeit poor, despite residing within thephagosomes of infected cells, perhaps by cross-presentation (Kaufmann,1993)—the caveat being that intracellular bacteria (e.g., Salmonella,Mycobacteria, Leishmania) that reside within the phagosomes of infectedcells induce a chronic infection, implying that CD8+ T cells fail toeradicate them from the host (Kaufmann, 1993; Hess and Kaufmann, 1993).

There remains a need in the art for a safe, cost-effective method toinduce rapid and potent memory CD8+cytolytic T cell responses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to recombinant bacterium and uses thereof.More specifically, the invention relates to recombinant bacteriumexpressing an antigen that is translocated to the cytosol of a hostorganism, and uses thereof.

The present invention provides a recombinant bacterium, comprising anucleic acid encoding an antigen that is translocated to the cytosol ofa host cell. The bacterium may be Salmonella, Mycobacteria, Brucella, orLeishmania. In one example, the recombinant bacterium may be Salmonella.

The antigen expressed by the recombinant bacteria as just described maybe a viral antigen, a bacterial antigen, or a tumour antigen. Theantigen may be the nucleoprotein of LCMV, tyrosinase related protein 2(TRP-2), MART-1, melanoma associated antigen 1 (MAGE1), gp100, orHer-2/neu or other viral or bacterial antigens.

The nucleic acid encoding the antigen may encode a fusion proteincomprising the antigen and a translocation domain from a type IIIsecretion system. For example, the translocation domain may be YopE,SopE, SptP, or a fragment thereof.; in one specific example, thechaperone may be SycE or a fragment thereof (such as, but not limited toMKISSFISTSLPLPTSVS, SEQ ID NO:2). The fusion protein may optionallyfurther comprise a chaperone. The chaperone may be derived from a typeIII secretion system. For example, the chaperone may be SycE or HSP70.

The nucleic acid may be comprised in a vector. The vector may be a pHRvector; in a specific example, the vector may be a modified pHR-241vector. In the modified pHR-241 vector, the vector may be modified toremove the sequence of p60/M45, may be optionally further modified toremove the sequence of SycE.

Specific, non-limiting examples of fusion proteins encompassed by thepresent invention are those of SEQ ID NO:7 to SEQ ID NO:12.

The present invention also provides a method of imparting immunityagainst naturally-occurring bacterium in a subject, the methodcomprising administering the recombinant bacterium described above tosaid subject.

The present invention further provides a method of imparting immunityagainst tumours in a subject, the method comprising administering therecombinant bacterium described above to said subject. The recombinantbacterium may be administered by intravenous, oral, or subcutaneousroutes of immunization.

The present invention also encompasses a use of the recombinantbacterium described herein as a vaccine.

Previously, it was known that pathogen-specific CD8+ T cells remainineffective as long as the pathogen remained in the phagosome. Forexample, when conventional memory CD8⁺ T cells against a given antigenwere adoptively transferred to naïve hosts, they failed to respondrapidly in response to the same antigen expressed by ST infection (Luuet al., 2006). Presently, a recombinant ST that injects an antigendirectly into the host cytosol has been developed. This results inprofound CD8⁺ T cell activation and consequent elimination of ST. It isalso shown that when CD8⁺ T cells are engaged in this manner, theyundergo profound expansion which results in massive pathogen and tumourcontrol as well as abridgment of pathogen chronicity. For example, as isevident in present FIG. 3E, the numbers of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cellswere similar at day 60 in ST-OVA-T versus ST-OVA-NT groups, but theburden was controlled only in the ST-OVA-T infected group, reiteratingthe notion that antigenic accessibility is the key to CD8⁺ T cellfunctionality. This strategy works even with attenuated strains ofSalmonella.

Notwithstanding the numerous genes that pathogens such as ST employ forvirulence and chronicity (Jones and Falkow, 1996; Kaufmann et al.,2001), the present data provide novel insights into the incapacity ofthe immune system to efficiently control the bacterium, as well asreveal the power of the acquired immune system, wherein engagement ofpotent antigen-presentation early on can be sufficient to control anotherwise uncontrollable bacterium. The present results providecompelling evidence that modulation of the cell biology of antigentrafficking is a key avenue that is employed by various pathogens forimmune evasion. Thus, a novel vaccine vector (Salmonella) is presentlyprovided, wherein a key modification makes the bacterium generate rapid,potent CD8+ T cell response, resulting in self-destruction of thevaccine in vivo, making it highly efficacious, safe and cost-effectiveat the same time.

The use of OVA as an antigen is described herein as a proof ofprinciple. Using a similar approach, other putative antigens from otherpathogens (bacteria, virus) or tumours can be cloned into ST and theseantigens can be translocated into the host cell cytosol for rapid andpotent antigen-presentation using the YopE/SycE system. When atumour-antigen is cloned into ST using the YopE/SycE system, potent andrapid anti-tumour CD8+ T cell response is generated which consequentlyresults in rapid destruction of the bacterium.

Additional aspects and advantages of the present invention will beapparent in view of the following description. The detailed descriptionand examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention,are given by way of illustration only, as various changes andmodifications within the scope of the invention will become apparent tothose skilled in the art in light of the teachings of this invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features of the invention will now be described by wayof example, with reference to the appended drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A shows a schematic of the fusion protein constructed, where anantigen (OVA) is fused to YopE, which is then incorporated into theplasmid pHR241 containing the SycE chaperone. FIG. 1B shows a schematicof the antigen (OVA) translocation into the cytosol for ST-OVA-T, andthe lack thereof for ST-OVA-NT. Ag: antigen; OVA: ovalbumin; ST:Salmonella Typhimurium. FIG. 1C shows expression of OVA (by westernblot) in the bacterial pellet, supernatant, and the cytosol of spleencells of mice infected for 24 h with ST-OVA-NT and ST-OVA-T.

FIG. 2A shows a graph representing the doubling times of the ST-OVA-NT(closed circles) and ST-OVA-T (open circles) bacteria in liquid culture,based on the measurement of OD at 600 nm. Based on these values, thebacteria were found to be similar. FIG. 2B is a graph showing the STburden in IC-21 macrophages (H-2^(b)) infected with ST-OVA-NT orST-OVA-T (multiplicity of infection, MOI=10). No statisticallysignificant difference was detected in the ability of ST-OVA-NT orST-OVA-T to infect and replicate within macrophages (p>0.05). Resultsare representative of three independent experiments.

FIG. 3A shows flow cytometry results of in vitro infection of IC-21macrophages (H-2^(b)) with recombinant bacteria (ST-OVA-NT, ST-OVA-T, orST). The reduction in CFSE intensity of OT-1 CD8+ T cells indicated thatinfection of macrophages with ST or ST-OVA-NT did not result in anydetectable proliferation of OT-1 cells, and thus, a lack ofantigen-presentation. Infection with ST-OVA-T resulted in strongdilution of CFSE expression, which is indicative of rapid and potentantigen-presentation. FIG. 3B shows flow cytometry results of in vivoinfection of B6.129F1 mice infected with ST-OVA-NT or ST-OVA-T (Day 5).In ST-OVA-T-infected mice, the majority of transferred OT-1 cellsdisplayed reduced expression of CFSE while OT-1 cells inST-OVA-NT-infected mice maintained high levels of CFSE expression.Results represent the mean of three mice ±SD per group, and arerepresentative of 2-3 independent experiments. FIG. 3C is a graphicalrepresentation of the kinetic evaluation of in vivoantigen-presentation. ST-OVA-NT infected mice displayed muted anddelayed activation of CFSE-labelled OT-1 cells. ST-OVA-NT (closedcircles); ST-OVA-T (open circles).

FIG. 4A shows the numbers of spleen cells, spleen size at Day 14 (FIG.4B) and bacterial burden (FIG. 4C) in resistant (B6.129F1) mice infectedwith ST-OVA-T or ST-OVA-NT, as well as the percentage (FIG. 4D) andnumbers (FIG. 4E) of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells in the spleen. Resultsrepresent the mean of three to five mice ±SD per group and arerepresentative of three independent experiments. ST-OVA-NT (closedcircles); ST-OVA-T (open circles).

FIG. 5A shows the OVA-tetramer profile in the spleens of ST-OVA-T- orST-OVA-NT-infected resistant (B6.129F1) mice at Day 7. The expression ofCD62L (FIG. 5B, 5D) and CD127 (FIG. 5C, 5D) on OVA-tetramer+CD8+ T cellsis also shown. Results are representative of three independentexperiments. These results indicate early generation of memory CD8+ Tcells in mice infected with ST-OVA-T. ST-OVA-NT (closed circles);ST-OVA-T (open circles).

FIG. 6A shows the bacterial burdens in spleen cells of susceptible(C57BL/6J) mice infected with ST-OVA-T or ST-OVA-NT, along with thepercentage (FIG. 6B) and numbers (FIG. 6C) of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells,as well as the frequency of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells evaluated byELISPOT assay (FIG. 6D). The specific killing of OVA-pulsed targets innaïve mice exposed to OVA-pulsed and control spleen cells is shown ifFIG. 6E and F, indicating that ST-OVA-T infection results in rapidinduction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that can efficiently killantigen-bearing target cells. Results represent the mean of three tofour mice ±SD per group, and two independent experiments. ST-OVA-NT(closed circles); ST-OVA-T (open circles).

FIG. 7A shows the OVA-tetramer profile in the spleens of susceptible(C57BL/6J) mice infected with ST-OVA-T or ST-OVA-NT at Day 7. FIG. 7Bshows the expression of CD62L versus CD127 on splenic OVA-tetramer⁺CD8⁺T cells in the ST-OVA-T versus ST-OVA-NT infected mice. CD8+ T cellsgenerated with ST-OVA-T infection express high levels of CD127 and CD62L(memory markers). Results are representative of three independentexperiments.

FIG. 8A shows the bacterial burden in spleens of C57BL/6J mice treatedwith anti-CD4 (clone GK1.5), anti-CD8 (clone 2.43) or Rat IgG isotypeantibodies following infection with ST-OVA-T. Results represent the meanof three to four mice ±SD per group. Anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodytreatment resulted in near complete elimination of CD4 and CD8+ T cellsrespectively. FIG. 8B shows the bacterial burden in spleens of WT,MHC-I- or MHC-II-deficient mice following infection with ST-OVA-T. Theseresults indicate that the control of bacterial burden in ST-OVA-Tinfected mice is mediate exclusively by CD8+ T cells. Results representthe mean of five mice ±SD per group.

FIG. 9A shows the relative numbers of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells in thespleen and peripheral blood (FIG. 9B) of B6.129F1 mice infected withwild type (WT) or attenuated (ΔaroA) ST-OVA expressing non-translocated(NT) or translocated (T) OVA. Results represent the mean of five mice±SD per group. Results indicate that even attenuated strain of ST caninduce potent and rapid CD8 T cell response when antigen is translocatedto the cytosol of infected cells. WT-OVA-NT (closed circles); WT-OVA T(open circles); AroA-OVA-NT (closed inverted triangles); AroA-OVA-T(open inverted triangles).

FIG. 10A is a graphical representation of the results of prophylacticvaccination with ST-OVA-T in C57BL/6J mice followed by subcutaneouschallenge with B16-OVA tumor cells. This protocol resulted in potentprotection against tumor challenge. Non-infected (closed circles);ST-OVA-T (open squares). FIG. 10B shows a graph of results oftherapeutic vaccination with ST-OVA-T in C57BL/6J mice aftersubcutaneous challenge with B16-OVA tumor cells. Mice receiving ST-OVA-Tdisplayed the best protection against B16 melanoma cells. Protectioninduced by ST-OVA-T was far greater than that induced by ST-OVA-NT andthe another recombinant bacterium, Listeria expressing OVA (LM-OVA).Results represent the mean of five mice ±SD per group. Non-infected(full circles); ST-OVA-T (open squares); ST-OVA-NT (closed triangles);LM-OVA (open diamonds).

FIG. 11A shows the frequency of CD8+ T cells against a tumour antigen(Trp-2) in the spleens of mice infected with wild-type (WT) orattenuated (aroA) ST-Trp2-T on Day 7. FIG. 11B shows the bacterialburden in the spleens of mice at various time intervals post-infectionwith WT ST-Trp2-T (open squares) or ST-Trp2-NT (closed circles). FIG.11C shows the bacterial burden in the spleens of mice infected with aroAmutant of ST-Trp2-T (open squares) or NT (closed circles).

FIG. 12A shows the bacterial burden in the spleens of mice infected withtranslocated or non-translocated aroA-ST expressing another tumourantigen (gp100). aroA-gp100-T (open squares) or aroA-gp100-NT (closedcircles). FIG. 12 B shows the numbers of gp100-tetramer+CD8+ T cells inthe spleens of infected mice at various time intervals. aroA-ST-gp100-T(open squares); aroA-ST-gp100-NT (closed circles).

FIG. 13A shows the schematic of the fusion constructs. FIG. 13B showsthe frequency of NP-specific CD8+ T cells in mice infected with ST-NP-Tor ST-NP-NT at day 7 post-infection. FIG. 13C shows the in vivocytolytic activity of NP-specific CD8+ T cells on NP-pulsed target cellsat day 7 post-infection. Cytolytic activity was evaluated aftertransferring naïve spleen cells (pulsed with media or NP peptide) intoinfected mice at day 7 and evaluated the killing of peptide-pulsedtargets at 24 h post-transfer. FIG. 13D shows the frequency ofNP-specific CD8+ T cells in mice infected with aroA-NP-T (black bars) oraroA-NP-NT (white bars). FIG. 13E shows the bacterial burden in thespleens at various time intervals. aroA-NP-T (open squares) oraroA-NP-NT (closed circles)FIG. 13F shows the influence of antigenictranslocation on the induction of inflammation in the spleen. aroA-NP-T(open squares); aroA-NP-NT (closed circles).

FIGS. 14A-14E shows that truncated YopE is equally effective at inducingCD8+ T cell response. FIG. 14A shows the schematic representation of thefull length (upper panel) and the truncated YopE (lower panel). FIG. 14Bshows the OVA-specific CD8+ T cell response in the spleens of miceinfected with full YopE or truncated YopE. FIG. 14C shows that both thefull length and truncated YopE induce the rapid generation ofOVA-specific CD8+ T cells expressing memory marker (CD127). FIG. 14Dshows the inflammation induced (numbers of spleen cells) in miceinfected with full length or truncated YopE. FIG. 14E shows thebacterial burden in the spleens of mice infected with full length ortruncated YopE. ST-OVA-NT (closed circles); ST-OVA-T (open circles);ST-OVA-tYopE (closed triangles).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to recombinant bacterium and uses thereof.More specifically, the invention relates to recombinant bacteriumexpressing an antigen that is translocated to the cytosol of a hostorganism, and uses thereof.

The present invention provides a recombinant bacterium, comprising anucleic acid encoding an antigen that is translocated to the cytosol ofthe host organism.

The bacterium may be any virulent or attenuated bacterium that residesin the phagosome of macrophages and/or dendritic cells and induces poorT cell activation. Such a bacterium may be, but is not limited toSalmonella, Mycobacteria, Brucella, Leishmania, and the like, which areall intracellular pathogens that reside in the phagosome and fail toinduce rapid T cell activation, hence causing diseases that are notcontrolled by the immune system.

In one example, the virulent or attenuated bacterium may be Salmonella.Any suitable strain of Salmonella known in the art may be used; forexample, and without wishing to be limiting in any manner, the virulentor attenuated bacterium may be Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhimurium(ST). ST is a highly virulent pathogen that induces gastroenteritis inhumans, and typhoid-like disease in mice (Jones and Falkow, 1996). Insusceptible C57BL/6J mice, which lack natural resistance-associatedmacrophage proteins (NRAMP), ST (strain SL1344) induces a systemiclethal infection even at doses as low as (10²) (iv), and all mice diewithin 7 days of infection (Albaghdadi et al., 2009). In contrast, STinduces a chronic but non-lethal infection in resistant 129SvJ mice(which express NRAMP). F1 hybrids between susceptible and resistant mice(B6.129F1) also harbour a chronic, non fatal, infection (Luu et al.,2006). Genes that are involved in Salmonella invasion of epithelialcells are clustered at the Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 loci(SPI-1) (Bliska et al., 1993; Zhou and Galan, 2001; Galan and Curtiss,Ill, 1989; Hardt et al., 1998). They encode several factors, including atype III secretion system (TTSS) apparatus that exports specificproteins (effectors) into the host cell. Two major virulence loci allowSalmonella to survive inside cells (Jones and Falkow, 1996). Thetwo-component regulatory system phoP/phoQ, which controls >40 genes(Groisman et al., 1989; Miller et al., 1989), is involved inintracellular survival (Garvis et al., 2001). Another pathogenicityisland (SPI-2) encodes a second TTSS, mediates resistance tointracellular killing, and is key to virulence (Hensel et al., 1995;Shea et al., 1996).

The CD8+ T cell response against ST is delayed, which fails to controlthe bacterium leading to a chronic infection (Albaghdadi et al., 2009).aroA mutant of ST was developed as a vaccine against Salmonella (Hoisethand Stocker, 1981), which induces minimal inflammation and poorimmunogenicity (Albaghdadi et al., 2009; Dudani et al., 2008). Thevirulent or attenuated bacterium of the present invention may be thearoA mutant of ST, comprising a vaccine vector modified such that thebacterium resides in the phagosome of infected cells, but translocatesantigen to the cytosol. This modification allows rapid induction of CD8+T cells; without wishing to be bound by theory, this may lead to theself-destruction of the vaccine. Phagosomal localization is considered amajor impediment to T cell activation, and the antigenic translocationstrategy described herein can be used for other intracellular bacterialvaccine vectors, including Mycobacteria, Brucella or Leishmania.

By the term “recombinant” it is meant that the bacterium has beengenetically altered or engineered; such genetic engineering may be theinclusion of a recombinant (or artificial) nucleic acid or vector(comprising a nucleic acid) encoding a foreign protein that is anantigen.

The antigen may be any suitable protein or fragment thereof that isprocessed and presented efficiently by dendritic cells and/ormacrophages resulting in efficient T cell activation. Without wishing tobe limiting in any manner, the antigen or fragment thereof may be anascent protein, a bacterial antigen, viral antigen, or a tumourantigen. For example, the antigen may be, but is not limited totyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP-2), MART-1, melanoma associatedantigen 1 (MAGE1), gp100, Her-2/neu or other proteins or fragmentsthereof known in the art. Other proteins may include, but are notlimited to ovalbumin, hen egg lysozyme, and myelin basic protein,nuclear protein of LCMV. In a specific, non-limiting example, theantigens may be ovalbumin, TRP-2, gp-100, LCMV-NP, or fragments thereof.

Upon infection, the antigen is translocated into the cytosol of the hostcell (for example macrophages and/or dendritic cells). The antigen maynaturally translocate to the cytosol, or may be a recombinant proteinengineered to do so. Thus, the antigen may be comprised in a fusionprotein that further comprises a translocation domain from a type IIIsecretion system; optionally, the fusion protein may further comprise achaperone. As would be known to those of skill in the art, the fusionprotein, also referred to herein as “fused proteins”, comprising theantigen may be generated via recombinant methods well-known to those ofskill in the art. The antigen and translocation domain, and the optionalchaperone, may be joined directly or by a linker; appropriate linkerswould be well-known to those of skill in the art.

By the term “translocation domain”, it is meant a protein domain orfragment thereof that directs translocation of a protein from thephagosome to the cytosol of the host cell. The translocation domain maybe any suitable translocation domain from known type III secretionsystems of bacteria, which are well-known to those of skill in the art.For example, and without wishing to be limiting in any manner, thetranslocation domain may be YopE or a fragment thereof. YopE is a 23kDaprotein comprising a N-terminal secretion domain of approximately 11amino acids and a translocation domain of at least 50 aa. In onespecific, non-limiting example, the YopE translocation domain maycomprise the sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) MKISSFISTSLPLPTSVSGSSSVGEMSGRSVSQQKSEQYANNLAGRTESPQGSSLASRITEKLSSMARSAIEFIKRMFSEGSHKPVVTPAPTPAQMPSPTSFSDSIKQLAAETLPKYIQQLSSLDAETLQKNHDQFAT,a fragment thereof (such as, but not limited to MKISSFISTSLPLPTSVS, SEQID NO:2), or a sequence substantially identical thereto. Anothersuitable translocation domain may be the SptP protein of ST (Russmann etal., 1998); again, the SptP translocation domain could be the fulllength protein or a truncated version thereof. In one specific example,the SptP translocation domain may comprise the sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 3) MLKYEERKLNNLTLSSFSKVGVSNDARLYIAKENTDKAYVAPEKFSSKVLTWLGKMPLFKNTEVVQKHTENIRVQDQKILQTFLHALTEKYGETAVNDALLMSRINMNKPLTQRLAVQITECVKAADEGFINLIKSKDNVGVRNAALVIKGGDTKVAEKNNDVGAESKQPLLDIALKGLKRTLPQLEQMDGNSLRENFQEMASGNGPLRSLMTNLQNLNKIPEAKQLNDYVTTLTNIQVGVARFSQWGTCGGEVERWVDKASTHELTQAVKKIHVIAKELKNVTAELEKIEAGAPMPQTMSGPTLGLARFAVSSIPINQQTQVKLSDGMPVPVNTLTFDGKPVALAGSYPKNTPDALEAHMKMLLEKECSCLVVLTSEDQMQAKQLPPYFRGSYTFGEVHTNSQKVSSASQGEAIDQYNMQLSCGEKRYTIPVLHVKNWPDHQPLPSTDQLEYLADRVKNSNQNGAPGRSSSDKHLPMIHCLGGVGRTGTMAAALVLKDNPHSNLEQVRADFRDSRNNRMLEDASQFVQLKAMQAQLLMTTAS,a fragment thereof, or a sequence substantially identical thereto. Yetanother example of a suitable translocation domain is SopE, a type IIIsecretion protein in Salmonella ST (Zhu et al., 2010). In a specificexample, the SopE translocation domain may comprise the

sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 4)MTKITLSPQNFRIQKQETTLLKEKSTEKNSLAKSILAVKNHFIELRSKLSERFISHKNTESSATHFHRGSASEGRAVLTNKVVKDFMLQTLNDIDIRGSASKDPAYASQTREAILSAVYSKNKDQCCNLLISKGINIAPFLQEIGEAAKNAGLPGTTKNDVFTPSGAGANPFITPLISSANSKYPRMFINQHQQASFKIYAEKIIMTEVAPLFNECAMPTPQQFQLILENIANKYIQNTP,a fragment thereof, or a sequence substantially identical thereto.

The fusion protein may optionally comprise a chaperone. By the term“chaperone’, it is meant a protein that assists in translocation of theimmunodominant antigen. The chaperone protein may be any suitableprotein known in the art, and must be compatible with translocationdomain chosen. The chaperone may also be from a type III secretionsystem. For example, and without wishing to be limiting, the chaperonemay be SycE. SycE is a YopE-specific chaperone that is required forYopE-mediated translocation of fused proteins to the cytosol (Russmannet al., 2001). SycE assists in translocation of the fused protein intothe cytosol of infected cells through the type III secretion system ofST. In a specific, non-limiting example, the SycE chaperone may comprisethe sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 5) MYSFEQAITQLFQQLSLSIPDTIEPVIGVKVGEFACHITEHPVGQILMFTLPSLDNNNEKETLLSHNIFSQDILKPILSWDEVGGHPVLWNRQPLNNLDNNSLYTQLEMLVQGAERLQTSSLISPPRSFS,or a sequence substantially identical thereto. In another example, theSopE translocation domain has been used in combination with thechaperone protein heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) to deliver an antigen tothe cytosol (Zhu et al., 2010). In a specific, non-limiting example, thechaperone may comprise the sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 6) MGKIIGIDLGTTNSCVAIMDGTQARVLENAEGDRTTPSIIAYTQDGETLVGQPAKRQAVTNPQNTLFAIKRLIGRRFQDEEVQRDVSIMPYKIIGADNGDAWLDVKGQKMAPPQISAEVLKKMKKTAEDYLGEPVTEAVITVPAYFNDAQRQATKDAGRIAGLEVKRIINEPTAAALAYGLDKEVGNRTIAVYDLGGGTFDISIIEIDEVDGEKTFEVLATNGDTHLGGEDFDTRLINYLVDEFKKDQGIDLRNDPLAMQRLKEAAEKAKIELSSAQQTDVNLPYITADATGPKHMNIKVTRAKLESLVEDLVNRSIEPLKVALQDAGLSVSDINDVILVGGQTRMPMVQKKVAEFFGKEPRKDVNPDEAVAIGAAVQGGVLTGDVKDVLLLDVTPLSLGIETMGGVMTPLITKNTTIPTKHSQVFSTAEDNQSAVTIHVLQGERKRASDNKSLGQFNLDGINPAPRGMPQIEVTFDIDADGILHVSAKDKNSGKEQKITIKASSGLNEEEIQKMVRDAEANAESDRKFEELVQTRNQGDHLLHSTRKQVEEAGDKLPADDKTAIESALNALETALKGEDKAAIEAKMQELAQVSQKLMEIAQQQHAQQQAGSADASANNAKDDDVVDAEFEEVKDKK,or a sequence substantially identical thereto. The inclusion of thechaperone is optional, as the translocation domain, or a fragmentthereof, alone may be sufficient to cause translocation of the antigento the cytosol; for example, and without wishing to be limiting, YopEalone, or an 18-amino acid fragment thereof (MKISSFISTSLPLPTSVS, SEQ IDNO:2) are presently shown to produce the desired effect. Similarly,expression of the endogenous Salmonella chaperone protein InvB issufficient to mediate the translocation function of SopE (Lee and Galan,2003).

In one specific example of the present invention, the recombinantbacterium comprises a nucleic acid encoding an antigen comprising afusion protein comprising the sequence of SycE, YopE, and ovalbumin:

(SEQ ID NO: 7) MYSFEQAITQLFQQLSLSIPDTIEPVIGVKVGEFACHITEHPVGQILMFTLPSLDNNNEKETLLSHNIFSQDILKPILSWDEVGGHPVLWNRQPLNNLDNNSLYTQLEMLVQGAERLQTSSLISPPRSFSMKISSFISTSLPLPTSVSGSSSVGEMSGRSVSQQKSEQYANNLAGRTESPQGSSLASRITEKLSSMARSAIEFIKRMFSEGSHKPVVTPAPTPAQMPSPTSFSDSIKQLAAETLPKYIQQLSSLDAETLQKNHDQFATGSNFQTAADQARELINSRVESQTNGIIRNVLQPSSVDSQTAMVLVNAIVFKGLWEKAFKDEDTQAMPFRVTEQESKPVQMMYQIGLFRVASMASEKMKILELPFASGTMSMLVLLPDEVSGLEQLESIINFEKLTEWTSSNVMEERKIKVYLPRMKMEEKYNLTSVLMAMGITDVFSSSANLSGISSAESLKISQAVHAAHAEINEAGREVVGSAEAGVDAASVSEEFRADHPFLFCIKHIATNAVLFFGRCVSP,a fusion protein comprising the sequence of SycE, a fragment of YopE,and ovalbumin:

(SEQ ID NO: 8) MYSFEQAITQLFQQLSLSIPDTIEPVIGVKVGEFACHITEHPVGQILMFTLPSLDNNNEKETLLSHNIFSQDILKPILSWDEVGGHPVLWNRQPLNNLDNNSLYTQLEMLVQGAERLQTSSLISPPRSFSMKISSFISTSLPLPTSVSGSNFQTAADQARELINSRVESQTNGIIRNVLQPSSVDSQTAMVLVNAIVFKGLWEKAFKDEDTQAMPFRVTEQESKPVQMMYQIGLFRVASMASEKMKILELPFASGTMSMLVLLPDEVSGLEQLESIINFEKLTEWTSSNVMEERKIKVYLPRMKMEEKYNLTSVLMAMGITDVFSSSANLSGISSAESLKISQAVHAAHAEINEAGREVVGSAEAGVDAASVSEEFRADHPFLFCIKHIATNAVLFFGRC VSP,a fusion protein comprising the sequence of a fragment of YopE andovalbumin:

(SEQ ID NO: 9) MKISSFISTSLPLPTSVSGSNFQTAADQARELINSRVESQTNGIIRNVLQPSSVDSQTAMVLVNAIVFKGLWEKAFKDEDTQAMPFRVTEQESKPVQMMYQIGLFRVASMASEKMKILELPFASGTMSMLVLLPDEVSGLEQLESIINFEKLTEWTSSNVMEERKIKVYLPRMKMEEKYNLTSVLMAMGITDVFSSSANLSGISSAESLKISQAVHAAHAEINEAGREVVGSAEAGVDAASVSEEFRADHPFLFCIKHIATNAVLFFGRCVSP,a fusion protein comprising the sequence of SycE, YopE, and TRP-2:

(SEQ ID NO: 10) MYSFEQAITQLFQQLSLSIPDTIEPVIGVKVGEFACHITEHPVGQILMFTLPSLDNNNEKETLLSHNIFSQDILKPILSWDEVGGHPVLWNRQPLNNLDNNSLYTQLEMLVQGAERLQTSSLISPPRSFSMKISSFISTSLPLPTSVSGSSSVGEMSGRSVSQQKSEQYANNLAGRTESPQGSSLASRITEKLSSMARSAIEFIKRMFSEGSHKPVVTPAPTPAQMPSPTSFSDSIKQLAAETLPKYIQQLSSLDAETLQKNHDQFATMKISSFISTSLPLPTSVSGSSSVGEMSGRSVSQQKSEQYANNLAGRTESPQGSSLASRITEKLSSMARSAIEFIKRMFSEGSHKPVVTPAPTPAQMPSPTSFSDSIKQLAAETLPKYIQQLSSLDAETLQKNHDQFATGSGILLRARAQFPRVCMTLDGVLNKECCPPLGPEATNICGFLEGRGQCAEVQTDTRPWSGPYILRNQDDREQWPRKFFNRTCKCTGNFAGYNCGGCKFGWTGPDCNRKKPAILRRNIHSLTAQEREQFLGALDLAKKSIHPDYVITTQHWLGLLGPNGTQPQIANFSVYDFFVWLHYYSVRDTLLGPGRPYKAI DFSHQGPAFVTWH,a fusion protein comprising the sequence of SycE, YopE, and gp100:

(SEQ ID NO: 11) MYSFEQAITQLFQQLSLSIPDTIEPVIGVKVGEFACHITEHPVGQILMFTLPSLDNNNEKETLLSNIFSQDILKPILSWDEVGGHPVLWNRQPLNSLDNNSLYTQLEMLVQGAERLQTSSLISPPRSFSMKISSFISTSLPLPASVSGSSSVGEMSGRSVSQQKSDQYANNLAGRTESPQGSSLASRIIERLSSMAHSVIGFIQRMFSEGSHKPVVTPALTPAQMPSPTSFSDSIKQLAAETLPKYMQQLSSLDAETLQKNHDQFATGSGKNTMDLVLKRCLLHLAVIGALLAVGATKVPRNQDWLGVSRQLRTKAWNRQLYPEWTEAQRLDCWRGGQVSLKVSNDGPTLIGANASFSIALNFPGSQKVLPDGQVIWVNNTIINGSQVWGGQPVYPQETDDACIFPDGGPCPSGSWSQKRSFVYVWKTWGQYWQVLGGPVSGLSIGTGRAMLGTHTMEVTVYHRRGSRSYVPLAHSSSAFTITDQVPFSVSVSQLRALDGGNKHFLRNQPLTFALQLHDPSGYLAEADLSYTWDFGDSSGTLISRALVVTHTYLEPGPVTAQVVLQAAIPLT,a fusion protein comprising the nuclear protein of SycE, YopE, andLCMV-NP:

(SEQ ID NO: 12) MYSFEQAITQLFQQLSLSIPDTIEPVIGVKVGEFACHITEHPVGQILMFTLPSLDNNNEKETLLSHNIFSQDILKPILSWDEVGGHPVLWNRQPLNNLDNNSLYTQLEMLVQGAERLQTSSLISPPRSFSMKISSFISTSLPLPTSVSGSSSVGEMSGRSVSQQKSEQYANNLAGRTESPQGSSLASRITEKLSSMAHSAIEFIKRMFSEGSHKPVVTPAPTPAQMPSPTSFSDSIKQLAAETLPKYMQQLSSLDAETLQKNHDQFATGSFVSDQVGDRNPYENILYKVCLSGEGWPYIACRTSIVGRAWENTTIDLTSEKPAVNSPRPAPGAAGPPQVGLSYSQTMLLKDLMGGIDPNAPTWIDIEGRFNDPVEIAIFQPQNGQFIHFYREPVDQKQFKQDSKYSHGMDLADLFNAQPGLTSSVIGALPQGMVLSCQGSDDIRKLLDSQNRKDIKLIDVEMTREASREYEDKVWDKYGWLCKMHTGIVRD,

or a sequence substantially identical thereto. The fusion proteinfurther comprises the sequence of the antigen of interest.

A substantially identical sequence may comprise one or more conservativeamino acid mutations. It is known in the art that one or moreconservative amino acid mutations to a reference sequence may yield amutant peptide with no substantial change in physiological, chemical, orfunctional properties compared to the reference sequence; in such acase, the reference and mutant sequences would be considered“substantially identical” polypeptides. Conservative amino acid mutationmay include addition, deletion, or substitution of an amino acid; aconservative amino acid substitution is defined herein as thesubstitution of an amino acid residue for another amino acid residuewith similar chemical properties (e.g. size, charge, or polarity).

In a non-limiting example, a conservative mutation may be an amino acidsubstitution. Such a conservative amino acid substitution may substitutea basic, neutral, hydrophobic, or acidic amino acid for another of thesame group. By the term “basic amino acid” it is meant hydrophilic aminoacids having a side chain pK value of greater than 7, which aretypically positively charged at physiological pH. Basic amino acidsinclude histidine (His or H), arginine (Arg or R), and lysine (Lys orK). By the term “neutral amino acid” (also “polar amino acid”), it ismeant hydrophilic amino acids having a side chain that is uncharged atphysiological pH, but which has at least one bond in which the pair ofelectrons shared in common by two atoms is held more closely by one ofthe atoms. Polar amino acids include serine (Ser or S), threonine (Thror T), cysteine (Cys or C), tyrosine (Tyr or Y), asparagine (Asn or N),and glutamine (Gln or Q). The term “hydrophobic amino acid” (also“non-polar amino acid”) is meant to include amino acids exhibiting ahydrophobicity of greater than zero according to the normalizedconsensus hydrophobicity scale of Eisenberg (1984). Hydrophobic aminoacids include proline (Pro or P), isoleucine (Ile or I), phenylalanine(Phe or F), valine (Val or V), leucine (Leu or L), tryptophan (Trp orW), methionine (Met or M), alanine (Ala or A), and glycine (Gly or G).“Acidic amino acid” refers to hydrophilic amino acids having a sidechain pK value of less than 7, which are typically negatively charged atphysiological pH. Acidic amino acids include glutamate (Glu or E), andaspartate (Asp or D).

Sequence identity is used to evaluate the similarity of two sequences;it is determined by calculating the percent of residues that are thesame when the two sequences are aligned for maximum correspondencebetween residue positions. Any known method may be used to calculatesequence identity; for example, computer software is available tocalculate sequence identity. Without wishing to be limiting, sequenceidentity can be calculated by software such as NCBI BLAST2 servicemaintained by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (and as found athttp://ca.expasy.org/tools/blast/), BLAST-P, Blast-N, or FASTA-N, or anyother appropriate software that is known in the art.

The substantially identical sequences of the present invention may be atleast 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% identical; in another example, thesubstantially identical sequences may be at least 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100% identical at the amino acidlevel to sequences described herein. Importantly, the substantiallyidentical sequences retain the activity and specificity of the referencesequence.

The present invention also encompasses nucleic acids encoding theantigen as described above, as well as vectors comprising the nucleicacid.

Thus, the recombinant bacterium of the present invention may comprise anucleic acid encoding the antigen as described above, or may comprise avector (also referred to herein as“plasmid”) comprising such nucleicacid that is fused with the nucleic acid of a translocation domain andoptionally the nucleic acid of a chaperone; for example, and withoutwishing to be limiting in any manner, the vector in which antigen istranslocated to the cytosol of infected cells may be a modified pHRplasmid. The modified pHR construct uses the type III secretion proteinto generate fusion proteins that are transported out of the phagosomeand through the host bacterial type III secretion system for directcytosolic antigen presentation. The pHR constructs may comprisesequences encoding a translocation domain and optionally a chaperoneprotein to aid in proper trafficking of the downstream fusion protein.In a specific, non-limiting example, the vector may be a modifiedpHR-241 plasmid (Russmann et al., 2001); more specifically, the pHR-241comprising the sequence of SycE-YopE-p60/M45 fusion protein (Russmann etal., 2000) modified to remove the sequence of p60/M45. In anotherexample, the pHR241 vector is modified to comprise YopE or a fragment ofYopE (for example, but not limited to MKISSFISTSLPLPTSVS, SEQ ID NO:2)with the sequence for the SycE and p60/M45 proteins removed. Replacementof the antigenic sequence by appropriate restriction enzymes andsubsequent ligation of other antigens would result in development of thedesired CD8+ T cell response against said antigens upon vaccination.Furthermore, the recombinant bacterium that harbors this plasmid neednot be a highly virulent bacterium; for example, attenuated Salmonellais presently shown to be effective at inducing the desired response. Theresponse can be accentuated further by vaccination with higher doses ofthe attenuated strain.

The recombinant bacterium as described above may be utilized to impartimmunity against other naturally-occurring and virulent bacteria. Thismay be accomplished by administering an effective amount of therecombinant bacterium of the present invention to a subject, andallowing a CD8⁺ T cell response to be mounted. Similarly, therecombinant bacterium may be utilized to impart immunity against tumorsin a subject, by administering an effective amount of the recombinantbacterium of the present invention to said subject. In both methods, therecombinant bacterium may be administered through intravenous, oral orsubcutaneous routes of immunization. This approach avoids the unwantedside-effects of persisting bacteria and undesirabletoxicity/inflammation associated with live vaccines. Thus, higher dosesof the vaccine can be used for improved efficacy. Because therecombinant bacterium of the present invention is eliminated after a fewweeks, there is little concern regarding toxicity. Furthermore,Salmonella when given orally induces a mucosal CD8+ T cell response(Jones and Falkow, 1996). Thus, the modified bacterium can beadministered through the oral route for induction of the desired CD8+ Tcell response.

The recombinant bacterium as described above may also be utilized as avaccine; the vaccine may protect against other naturally-occurring andvirulent bacteria, other bacterial pathogens, viral pathogens, ortumors. When the antigen is a tumour-antigen, the tumour-antigen will betranslocated to the host cell cytosol, resulting in rapid activation oftumor-specific CD8⁺ T cells, which will translate to better tumourcontrol by tumor-specific CD8+ T cells.

A recombinant ST that injects an antigen directly into the host cytosolhas presently been developed. This results in profound CD8⁺ T cellactivation and consequent elimination of ST. It is also shown that whenCD8⁺ T cells are engaged in this manner, they undergo profound expansionwhich results in massive pathogen and tumour control as well asabridgment of pathogen chronicity. The present data provide novelinsights into the incapacity of the immune system to efficiently controlthe bacterium, as well as reveal the power of the acquired immunesystem, wherein engagement of potent antigen-presentation early on maybe sufficient to control an otherwise uncontrollable bacterium. Thepresent results provide compelling evidence that modulation of the cellbiology of antigen trafficking is a key avenue that is employed byvarious pathogens for immune evasion. The recombinant bacteriumdescribed herein may be used as a novel vaccine, wherein a keymodification makes the bacterium generate rapid, potent CD8+ T cellresponse, resulting in self-destruction of the vaccine in vivo, makingit highly efficacious, safe and cost-effective.

The utility of the recombinant bacterium described herein isdemonstrated using OVA, TRP-2, and gp-100 as antigens. Using a similarapproach, other putative antigens from other pathogens (bacteria, virus)or tumours can be cloned into the recombinant bacterium; these antigenscan then be translocated into the host cell cytosol for rapid and potentantigen-presentation using the a translocation domain/chaperone system.

The present invention will be further illustrated in the followingexamples. However, it is to be understood that these examples are forillustrative purposes only and should not be used to limit the scope ofthe present invention in any manner.

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Recombinant Bacteria

Recombinant bacteria comprising Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhimurium(ST) expressing ovalbumin (OVA) were prepared. Construct ST-OVA-NT,which does not translocate antigen to the cytosol, was prepared aspreviously described (Luu et al., 2006). A recombinant construct,ST-OVA-T, that produces an OVA fusion protein that is translocated tothe cytosol; FIG. 1A shows a schematic of the fusion protein, where OVAis fused to YopE and SycE. YopE is a 23 kDa protein comprising aN-terminal secretion domain (˜11 aa) and a translocation domain (atleast 50 aa); the latter domain provides the binding site for theYopE-specific chaperone (SycE) that is required for YopE-mediatedtranslocation of fused proteins to the cytosol (R). SycE is a chaperonenecessary for translocation of the fused protein into the cytosol ofinfected cells through the type III secretion system of ST. A schematicof both ST-OVA-NT and ST-OVA-T constructs and their proposed actions areshown in FIG. 1B.

Plasmid pHR-OVA was constructed by the modification of the plasmidpHR-241 (Russmann et al., 2001), which contains the sequence of thefusion protein SycE-YopE-p60/M45 (Russmann et al., 2000). In a firststep, the genes of p60/M45 were removed by cutting plasmid pHR-241 withBamHl and Kpnl. Then, the pKK-OVA plasmid was purified from therecombinant ST-OVA-NT bacteria by mid prep kit (Invitrogen, US)according to the manufacturer's instructions. The OVA gene wasPCR-amplified using the plasmid pKK-OVA as a template (forward primerBamHl 5′-CGGGATCCAACTTTCAAACAGCTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:13) and reverse primerKpnl 5′-GGGGTACCTTAAGGGGAAACACATC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:14). Subsequently, theOVA gene was inserted between the BamHl-Kpnl sites of the cut pHR-241palsmid, creating new plasmid pHR-OVA. PCR amplification of the insertswas performed with Taq polymerase using the following cyclingparameters: 94° C., 5 min; 25 cycles of 94° C., 30 s to 58° C., 1 min to72° C., 1 min; followed by a 7 min extension time at 72° C. Theamplified insert was ligated into the intended vector then sequenced toverify the accuracy of the amplified cDNA. The pHR-OVA plasmid was thentransfected into the highly virulent ST (strain SL1344). 50 μL ofelectrocompetent Salmonella (WT or aroA) were mixed with ˜20 ng plasmidDNA and pulsed in a Bio-Rad micropulser using one pulse of 2.5 kV.Immediately afterwards, 1 mL of SOC recovery medium was added to thebacteria and they were allowed to recover with shaking at 37° C. Thebacteria were then plated on LB agar plates with ampicillin for theselection of individual clones.

EXAMPLE 2 Detection of Antigen

ST-OVA-NT and ST-OVA-T constructs of Example 1 were grown and expressionand translocation of ovalbumin was evaluated. Pellet and supernatant ofST-OVA-NT and ST-OVA-T growing in liquid cultures were tested for thepresence of OVA.

C57BL/6J mice were injected intravenously with 10⁶ ST-OVA-NT or ST-OVA-Treconstituted in 200 microlitres normal saline. Two days later, spleenswere obtained from infected mice; spleen cells were isolated and lysedwith TRITON X-100 in the presence of protease inhibitor,phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. The soluble lysate containing cytosolicproteins was tested for OVA expression by western blotting. Samples werenormalized for cell number and were loaded on SDS-10% polyacrylamidegels. SDS-PAGE was performed and proteins were transferred to membranes,which were then blocked with 5% skim milk powder in PBS-TWEEN. OVAexpression was detected using a 1/10,000 dilution of polyclonal anti-OVAantibody (Sigma-Aldrich), followed by incubation with HRP-conjugatedgoat anti-rabbit Ab ( 1/5,000 dilution in PBS-TWEEN) from Roche AppliedScience. Immuno-reactive bands were detected with enhancedchemiluminescence substrate (Roche Applied Bioscience). Results showthat OVA-expression by ST-OVA-NT and ST-OVA-T (from ˜5×10⁶) in thebacterial pellets was similar (FIG. 1C). However, OVA could only bedetected in the supernatant of ST-OVA-T cultures. Expression of OVA wasdetectable in the cytosol of spleen cells from mice infected withST-OVA-T- but not ST-OVA-NT (FIG. 1C).

EXAMPLE 3 Proliferation of ST-OVA-T and ST-OVA-NT

The ability of ST-OVA to proliferate extra- and intra-cellularly wasalso analyzed.

Liquid cultures of ST-OVA-NT and ST-OVA-T were set up in flasks toenumerate extracellular proliferation. At various time intervals (eg, 60min., 120 min., 240 min., etc), aliquots were removed for measurement ofOD at 600 nm. Both ST-OVA-NT and ST-OVA-T displayed similarproliferation and doubling time (FIG. 2A).

The influence of antigenic translocation on the ability of ST-OVA toproliferate within the intracellular compartment was evaluated. IC-21macrophages (H-2^(b)) (5×10⁴/well) were infected with ST-OVA-NT orST-OVA-T (MOI=10). After 30 min, cells were washed and cultured in mediacontaining gentamicin (50 μg/ml) to remove extracellular bacteria. After2 h, cells were washed again and cultured in media containing reducedlevels of gentamicin (10 μg/ml). At various time intervals cells werelysed and bacterial burden in the cells determined. No statisticallysignificant difference was detected in the ability of ST-OVA-NT orST-OVA-T to infect and replicate within macrophages (p>0.05). Resultsare shown in FIG. 2B and are representative of three independentexperiments. Thus, the ability of ST-OVA to infect and survive withinmacrophages in vitro was not influenced by antigenic translocation.

EXAMPLE 4 Translocation and Antigen Presentation

It was previously reported that ST-OVA-NT infection does not induce adetectable CD8⁺ T cell response within the first week of infection (Luuet al., 2006), due to delayed presentation of antigen to CD8⁺ T cells(Albaghdadi et al., 2009). Therefore, it was evaluated whethertranslocation of antigen to the cytosol would result in rapidantigen-presentation.

In vitro antigen-presentation was performed as previously described(Albaghdadi et al., 2009). IC-21 macrophages (H-2^(b)) cells (10⁵/well)were infected with different MOI of ST (Albaghdadi et al., 2009),ST-OVA-NT (Example 1), or ST-OVA-T (Example 1) for 30 min. Extracellularbacteria were removed after incubation in medium containing gentamicin(50 μg/ml). At 2 h, cells were cultured in media containing lower levelsof gentamicin (10 μg/ml) and incubated with CFSE-labelled OT-1(CD45.1⁺45.2⁻) TCR transgenic cells (10⁶/well). After 4 days of culture,cells were harvested, stained with anti-CD45.1 and anti-CD8 antibodies,and the reduction in CFSE intensity of OT-1 CD8⁺ T cells was evaluatedby flow cytometry.

Infection of macrophages with ST or ST-OVA-NT did not result in anydetectable proliferation of OT-1 cells, indicating lack ofantigen-presentation (FIG. 3A). Interestingly, infection with ST-OVA-T,even at reduced doses, resulted in strong dilution of CFSE expression,which is indicative of rapid and potent antigen-presentation in vitro(FIG. 3A).

In vivo antigen-presentation was done as previously described(Albaghdadi et al., 2009). B6129F1 mice were infected with therecombinant bacteria of Example 1, followed by adoptive transfer of CFSElabelled OT-1 cells. B6.129F1 mice were used because B6 parents arehighly susceptible and die within the first week of infection(Albaghdadi et al., 2009). Briefly, B6129F1 mice were generated in houseby mating 129×1 SvJ female mice with C57BL/6J male mice; mice wereobtained from The Jackson Laboratory and were maintained at theInstitute for Biological Sciences (National Research Council of Canada,Ottawa, Canada) in accordance with the guidelines of the CanadianCouncil on Animal Care. For immunization, frozen stocks of ST-OVA-NT orST-OVA-T (Example 1) were thawed and diluted in 0.9% NaCl; mice wereinoculated (iv) with 10³ organisms suspended in 200 μl. At various timeintervals, CFSE-labelled OT-1 cells were injected (5×10⁶, iv). Four daysafter the transfer of OT-1 cells, spleens were isolated from recipientmice and spleen cells were stained with OVA-tetramer and anti-CD8antibody. Reduction in the expression of CFSE intensity was evaluated byflow cytometry, as described above.

Results are shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C; results represent the mean ofthree mice ±SD per group, and are representative of two-threeindependent experiments. At day 5 of infection, the majority oftransferred OT-1 cells displayed reduced expression of CFSE in miceinfected with ST-OVA-T (FIG. 3B). In contrast, OT-1 cells inST-OVA-NT-infected mice maintained high levels of CFSE expression. Whenin vivo antigen-presentation was evaluated kinetically, ST-OVA-NTinfected mice displayed muted and delayed activation of CFSE-labelledOT-1 cells (FIG. 3C). Interestingly, the massive antigen-presentationthat was induced early on in ST-OVA-T infected mice was subsequentlyreduced to baseline levels as the pathogen was cleared.

Example 5: Antigen translocation and CD8⁺ T cell response

The question of whether the induction of rapid antigen-presentation invitro and in vivo by antigenic translocation to the cytosol would resultin the development of a rapid CD8⁺ T cell response in vivo and whetherthis had any influence on pathogen control was examined.

B6.129F1 mice were infected (10³, iv) with ST-OVA-T or ST-OVA-NT withoutany adoptive transfer of OT-1 cells. At various time intervals, thenumbers of spleen cells, spleen size and bacterial burden wereevaluated. OVA-specific CD8+ T cell response was enumerated by Flowcytometry. Briefly, aliquots of spleen cells (5×10⁶) were incubated in80 μl of PBS plus 1% BSA (PBS-BSA) with anti-CD16/32 at 4° C. After 10min., cells were stained with H-2K^(b)OVA₂₅₇₋₂₆₄ tetramer-PE (BeckmanCoulter, US) and various antibodies (anti-CD8 PerCP-Cy5, anti-CD62LAPC-Cy7, and anti-CD127 (PE-Cy7) for 30 min. All antibodies wereobtained from BD Biosciences. Cells were washed with PBS, fixed in 0.5%formaldehyde and acquired on a BD Biosciences FACSCanto analyzer.

Results are shown in FIG. 4; these results represent the mean of threeto five mice ±SD per group and are representative of three independentexperiments. Infection of mice with ST-OVA-T resulted in the developmentof a rapid and potent OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cell response as evaluated bystaining with OVA-tetramers (FIG. 4D, 4E; FIG. 5A); these mice displayedreduced spleen cell numbers and size (FIG. 4A, 4B). At day 3 ofinfection, similar bacterial burdens were noted in mice that receivedST-OVA-T or ST-OVA-NT (FIG. 4C). However, at subsequent time intervals,the burden of ST-OVA-T were enormously controlled which was reduced tonon-detectable levels by day 30. In contrast, ST-OVA-NT burden wasmaintained at high levels and the burden was detectable even at day 60(FIG. 4C). Interestingly, at day 60, while both groups of mice hadsimilar numbers of OVA-tetramer⁺ cells (FIG. 4E), the ST-OVA-T group ofmice had controlled the burden whereas the ST-OVA-NT group of micefailed to control it (FIG. 4C); this suggests that directantigen-presentation in case of ST-OVA-T makes the targets susceptible.

Phenotypic analysis of OVA-specific CD8⁺T cells induced against ST-OVA-Tversus ST-OVA-NT was also performed. FIG. 5A shows the OVA-tetramerprofile in the spleens of infected mice, and the expression (MFI) ofCD62L (FIG. 5B, 5D) and CD127 (FIG. 5C, 5D) on OVA-tetramer⁺CD8⁺T cells.In contrast to ST-OVA-NT, OVA-specific CD8⁺T cells induced againstST-OVA-T displayed rapid activation (CD62L down-regulation) and rapidprogression to the memory state (CD127 up-regulation) (FIG. 5B-D). Takentogether, these results clearly indicate that antigenic translocation tothe cytosol in the context of ST infection accelerates the kinetics andincreases the potency of antigen-presentation, CD8⁺T celldifferentiation, and memory development. Thus, the differentiation ofCD8⁺T cells that is noted with ST-OVA-T infection mirrors the one thatis induced against the potent pathogen, LM.

EXAMPLE 6 Rapid CD8⁺ T Cells Response and Survival of Susceptible Mice

Given the results noted with antigenic translocation in resistant mice(Example 5), determination of whether the rapid induction of CD8⁺T cellswould influence the survival of susceptible C57BL/6J mice wasundertaken.

C57BL/6J mice were infected (10³, iv) with ST-OVA-T or ST-OVA-NT. Atdifferent time points (day 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14) after infection, spleenswere removed and the bacterial burdens were enumerated. Spleen cellswere stained with OVA-tetramers and antibodies against CD8, CD62L andCD127. The percentage and numbers of OVA-specific CD8⁺T cells weredetermined, as was the expression of CD62L versus CD127 onOVA-tetramer⁺CD8⁺T cells.

Results are shown in FIG. 6 and represent the mean of three to four mice±SD per group; results are representative of two independentexperiments. At days 1 and 3, similar bacterial burdens were noted inST-OVA-NT- and ST-OIVA-T-infected groups (FIG. 6A). At later timeperiods, while the bacterial burden in ST-OVA-NT-infected mice continuedto increase exponentially to lethal levels, the burden inST-OVA-T-infected mice was rapidly controlled and became undetectableafter day 14. Abridgment of bacterial burden in ST-OVA-T-infected micecorrelated to the early emergence of potent OVA-specific CD8⁺T cellresponse, as detected by OVA-tetramer staining (FIG. 6B-C) that peakedat day 7.

EXAMPLE 7 Antigen Translocation Induces Functional CD8⁺ T Cells

Two functional assays were carried out to determine whether the CD8+ Tcells that were induced by antigenic translocation would result ininduction of CD8+ T cells that mediate appropriate functions.

Enumeration of IFN-y secreting cells was performed by ELISPOT assay asreported previously at day 7 of infection (Dudani et al., 2002).ST-OVA-T-infected mice mounted a profound CD8⁺ T cell response (FIG.6D), indicative of IFN-y production. In contrast, infection ofsusceptible mice with ST-OVA-NT did not result in any detectableIFN-γ-secreting CD8⁺ T cells.

The ability of stimulated CD8⁺ T cells to kill target cells specificallywas enumerated as another functional readout. To do this, CFSE-labelled,OVA-pulsed and control spleen cells from naïve mice were transferred toST-OVA-T- and ST-OVA-NT-infected mice on day 7, and the specific killingof OVA-pulsed targets was evaluated. In vivo cytolytic activity of CD8⁺T cells was performed according to previously published reports (Luu etal., 2006; Barber et al., 2003). OVA-specific CD8+ T cells that wereinduced at day 7 in ST-OVA-T-infected mice displayed rapid, potent andspecific cytolytic activity towards OVA-pulsed target cells (FIG. 6E-F).In contrast, ST-OVA-NT-infected mice displayed little cytolyticactivity, as expected (Luu et al., 2006). Thus, the kinetics of CD8+ Tcells response in ST-OVA-T infected susceptible C57BL/6J was similar tothat observed in resistant B6.129 F1 mice, as was their phenotype.

FIG. 7 shows results of phenotypic analysis of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cellsinduced against ST-OVA-T versus ST-OVA-NT. Similar to the profile inresistant mice, OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells induced against ST-OVA-T insusceptible mice displayed rapid down-regulation of CD62L and rapidtransition to the memory phenotype (increased CD127 up-regulation; FIG.7).

EXAMPLE 8 Control of Bacterial Growth

While the data of Example 6 indicated that rapid emergence of functionalCD8⁺ T cells by antigenic translocation can control ST burden rapidly,it was still correlative. In order to test if the rapid emergence ofCD8⁺ T cells are responsible for elimination of bacteria during ST-OVA-Tinfection, C57BL/6J mice were treated with anti-CD8 or anti-CD4 antibodyor isotype control then infected with ST-OVA-T to eliminate those cellsspecifically. C57BL/6J mice were treated with (100 μg/injection)anti-CD4 (clone GK1.5), anti-CD8 (clone 2.43), or Rat IgG isotypeantibodies on days −3, 0 and 3 after infection with 10³ ST-OVA-T. At day7 after infection, spleens were harvested and the bacterial burdenevaluated. At day 7 after infection, anti-CD8 antibody treated mice hada >100-fold higher ST-OVA-T burden (FIG. 8A), suggesting that when CD8⁺T cells are depleted, ST-OVA-T cannot be controlled by the host.Depletion of CD4⁺ T cells had no effect on the bacterial burden.

The importance of CD8⁺ T cells in controlling bacterial burden wasfurther confirmed by infecting WT, MHC-I or MHC-II-deficient C57BL/6Jmice with ST-OVA-T. Since MHC class I deficient mice lack CD8⁺ T cellsthey should be susceptible to infection. Twenty days after infection,MHC-I deficient mice were moribund, displaying very high bacterial loads(FIG. 8B) whereas control mice had undetectable burden, and MHC classII-deficient hosts (lacking CD4⁺ T cells) showed only a minor effect.MHC-I deficient mice were sick due to high bacterial loads, whileMHC-II-deficient and WT mice were healthy. Taken together, these resultsindicate that antigenic translocation to cytosol in the context of STinfection results in a rapid emergence of a potent CD8⁺ T cell responsewhich is sufficient to control the burden.

EXAMPLE 9 Translocation of Antigen in Attenuated Strain of Salmonella

In order to design vaccines, attenuated strains of bacteria are oftenused to avoid undesirable toxicity that occurs with highly virulentbacteria. It was therefore determined whether translocation of OVA in ahighly attenuated strain of ST (ΔaroA) would induce rapid activation ofCD8⁺ T cells.

B6.129F1 mice were infected with 10³ (virulent) wild type (WT; SL1344))or 10⁵ attenuated (avirulent; ΔaroA) ST-OVA expressing non-translocatedor non-translocated OVA. At various time intervals (day 7, 14, 21 and30), spleens and peripheral blood were collected and the relative changein the numbers of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cells enumerated after stainingwith OVA-tetramers and anti-CD8 antibodies as described in Example 5.

Results in FIG. 9 represent the mean of five mice ±SD per group.Translocation of OVA by avirulent ST also resulted in rapid and profoundinduction of OVA-specific CD8⁺ T cell response in the spleen (FIG. 9A)and peripheral blood (FIG. 9B). Thus, these results indicate thatantigenic translocation works equally well for virulent and avirulentbacteria.

EXAMPLE 10 Translocation of Antigen and Tumour Control

It was also investigated whether antigenic translocation would result ineffective protection upon tumour challenge.

C57BL/6J mice were infected with 10³ ST-OVA-T; non-infected (naïve) miceserved as controls. On day 60, mice were challenged subcutaneously inthe lower dorsal region with 10⁶ B16 melanoma cells carrying the OVAgene (B16-OVA). Survival of mice was measured subsequently. As shown inFIG. 10A, prophylactic vaccination with ST-OVA-T resulted in potentprotection against tumour challenge. Protection in a therapeutic model,where mice were first challenged with tumours and then vaccinated withimmunogens, was also tested. B6.129F1 mice were challenged first with10⁶ B16-OVA tumour cells subcutaneously in the lower dorsal region.Three days later, mice were vaccinated with ST-OVA-NT or ST-OVA-T.Non-infected mice served as negative controls and LM-OVA infected miceserved as positive controls. At various time intervals subsequently,survival of mice was monitored. Mice receiving ST-OVA-T displayed thebest protection against B16 melanoma cells (FIG. 10B). Protectioninduced by ST-OVA-T was far greater than that induced by ST-OVA-NT andLM-OVA. Results represent the mean of five mice ±SD per group.

EXAMPLE 11 CD8+ T Cell Response Against Tumor-Antigens

The use of OVA as an immunodominant antigen is described herein as aproof of principle. Using a similar approach, other putative antigensfrom other pathogens (bacteria, virus) or tumours can be cloned into STand these antigens can be translocated into the host cell cytosol forrapid and potent antigen-presentation using the YopE/SycE system.

The gene for the tumour-antigen (Trp-2) (Schumacher and Restifo, 2009)was cloned into the WT or aroA mutant of ST, which translocates antigento the cytosol. PCR was done using pCDNA3-Trp2 as template using thefollowing primers:

Forward primer:  (SEQ ID NO: 15) TAGGATCCGGAATTCTGCTCAGAG,  andReverse primer:  (SEQ ID NO: 16) AGATGGTACCTTTAGTGCCACGTG.

The PCR product and pHR-OVA were digested with BamHl and Kpnl andligated. PCR amplification of the inserts was performed with Taqpolymerase using the following cycling parameters: 94° C., 5 min; 25cycles of 94° C., 30 s to 58° C., 1 min to 72° C., 1 min; followed by a7 min extension time at 72° C. The amplified insert was ligated into theintended vector, then sequenced to verify the accuracy of the amplifiedcDNA. The PCR product was digested with BgIII and Kpnl; pHR-241 wasdigested with BamHl and Kpnl and the digested products were ligated.pHR-Trp2 plasmid was then transfected into the highly virulent ST(SL1344) or aroA mutant of ST. 50 μL of electrocompetent Salmonella (WTor aroA) were mixed with ˜20 ng plasmid DNA and pulsed in a Bio-Radmicropulser using one pulse of 2.5 kV. Immediately afterwards, 1 mL ofSOC recovery medium was added to the bacteria and they were allowed torecover shaking at 37° C. The bacteria were then plated on LB agarplates with ampicillin for the selection of individual clones.

[000106] The gene for gp100 tumour-antigen (Rosenberg et al., 2008) wascloned into a pHR or pKK plasmid. PCR was done using pCDNA3-gp100 astemplate with the following primers:

Forward primer:  (SEQ ID NO: 17) GAAGATCTGGGAAGAACACAATGG, andReverse primer:  (SEQ ID NO: 18) GGGGTACCTTAGGTGAGAGGAATGG.

The PCR product was digested with BgIII and Kpnl; pHR-241 was digestedwith BamHl and Kpnl and the digested products were ligated. Infection ofB6.129F1 mice with these recombinant nucleic acids resulted in theinduction of CD8+ T cell response against Trp-2 (FIG. 11A). This wasassociated with accelerated control of the bacterium (FIG. 11B,C).Similarly, infection of mice with the gp100 expressing aroA-ST resultedin accelerated control of the bacterium (FIG. 12A) and induction of abetter CD8+ T cell response against gp100 (FIG. 12B).

EXAMPLE 12 CD8+ T Cell Response to a Viral Antigen

The immunodominant epitope recognized to stimulate a CD8⁺ T cellresponse from LCMV nucleoprotein (NP) in C57B1/6 mice was also used asan antigen and cloned into ST, and its effect on T cell response in micewas evaluated.

LCMV-NP was encoded over amino acids 396-404 (FQPQNGQFI) of the protein(Basler et al., 2004). cDNA encoding amino acids 288-463 of the NPprotein was cloned into plasmid pKK to generate pKK-NP (FIG. 13), usingPCT methods as described in Example 1 and 11. Again, DH5a clones wereselected using ampicillin. In this case, Ncol and HindIII restrictionsites were added to the oligonucleotides used for amplification of theinsert sequence. The oligonucleotide sequences used for the cDNAamplification were:

(SEQ ID NO: 19) 5' TACCATGGCATTTGTTTCAGACCAAGT 3' and (SEQ ID NO: 20) 5'TAAAGCTTCTAGTCCCTTACTATTCCAG 3'.

The final insert in the pKK plasmid was truncated prior to the end ofthe amplified insert due to the presence of an internal HindIIIrestriction site, ending at codon 461. After confirmation of thesequence, this plasmid was also transferred into ST wild type and STΔArousing a standard electroporation protocol (as described below and inExamples 1 and 11). cDNA encoding amino acids 288-461 of the NP proteinwas similarly cloned into the plasmid, pKK, to generate pKK-NP (FIG.13). Again, DH5a clones were selected using ampicillin. In this case,Ncol and HindIII restriction sites were added to the oligonucleotidesused for amplification of the insert sequence. The oligonucleotidesequences used for the cDNA amplification are:

(SEQ ID NO: 21) 5' TACCATGGCATttgtttcagaccaaGT 3' and (SEQ ID NO: 22) 5'TAAAGCTTCTAGTCCCTTACTATTCCAG 3'.

The final insert in the pKK plasmid was truncated prior to the end ofthe amplified insert due to the presence of an internal HindIIIrestriction site, ending at codon 461. After confirmation of thesequence, this plasmid was also transferred into ST wild type and STΔArousing a standard electroporation protocol. Briefly, 50 μL ofelectrocompetent Salmonella (WT or aroA) were mixed with ˜20 ng plasmidDNA and pulsed in a Bio-Rad micropulser using one pulse of 2.5 kV.Immediately afterwards, 1 mL of SOC recovery medium was added to thebacteria and they were allowed to recover shaking at 37° C. The bacteriawere then plated on LB agar plates with ampicillin for the selection ofindividual clones. PCR amplification of the inserts was performed withTaq polymerase using the following cycling parameters: 94° C., 5 min; 25cycles of 94° C., 30 s to 58° C., 1 min to 72° C., 1 min; followed by a7 min extension time at 72° C. The amplified insert was ligated into theintended vector then sequenced to verify the accuracy of the amplifiedcDNA.

B6.129F1 mice were infected intravenously with 10³ recombinant STexpressing NP. Both virulent (FIG. 13B,C) and avirulent (FIG. 13D) STinduced profound NP-specific CD8+ T cell response when NP wastranslocated to the cytosol. Furthermore, antigenic translocationresulted in decreased bacterial burden (FIG. 13E) and control of vaccineinduced inflammation (FIG. 13F).

EXAMPLE 13 Use of Truncated YopE as a Means to Induce Potent CD8+ T CellResponse

To determine whether the full length YopE was needed for induction of abetter CD8+ T cell response, or whether a truncated version of thisprotein would be sufficient, the gene for OVA was fused with truncatedYopE (first eighteen amino acids only), which does not carry theC-terminal domain for binding to the SycE chaperon (FIG. 14A). PCR wasdone using pHR-OVA as template with the following primers:

Forward primer:  (SEQ ID NO: 23) GTGTCAAAGTTGGGGAATTCGC,  andReverse primer:  (SEQ ID NO: 24) CTGCTGGATCCTGACACTGATG.

The PCR product and pHR-OVA were digested with EcoRl and BamHl andligated. PCR amplification of the inserts was performed with Taqpolymerase using the following cycling parameters: 94° C., 5 min; 25cycles of 94° C., 30 s to 58° C., 1 min to 72° C., 1 min; followed by a7 min extension time at 72° C. The amplified insert was ligated into theintended vector, then sequenced to verify the accuracy of the amplifiedcDNA.

B6.129F1 mice were infected with ST-OVA-NT, ST-OVA-T (carrying fulllength YopE), and ST-OVA-tYopE (carrying truncated YopE). As is clearfrom results shown in FIG. 14B, the fusion of the desired antigen withthe first eighteen amino acids of YopE is sufficient to induce rapidCD8+ T cell response. CD8+ T cells induced by the truncated YopEdifferentiated rapidly into memory cells (FIG. 14C), which lead tocurtailment of inflammation (FIG. 14D) and bacterial burden (FIG. 14E).

The embodiments and examples described herein are illustrative and arenot meant to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. Variations ofthe foregoing embodiments, including alternatives, modifications andequivalents, are intended by the inventors to be encompassed by theclaims. Furthermore, the discussed combination of features might not benecessary for the inventive solution.

REFERENCES

All patents, patent applications and publications referred to herein andthroughout the application are hereby incorporated by reference.

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1. A recombinant Salmonella bacterium comprising a nucleic acid encoding a fusion protein comprising: a) a tumour antigen, a viral antigen, or bacterial antigen; and b) an N-terminal secretion signal from a type III secretion domain; wherein the N-terminal secretion signal consists of the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 2. 2. The recombinant bacterium of claim 1, wherein the fusion protein further comprises a chaperone.
 3. The recombinant bacterium of claim 2, wherein the chaperone is a component of a type III secretion system.
 4. The recombinant bacterium of claim 3, wherein the chaperone is SycE or HSP70.
 5. The recombinant bacterium of claim 1, wherein the nucleic acid is comprised in a vector.
 6. The recombinant bacterium of claim 5, wherein the vector is a pHR vector.
 7. The recombinant bacterium of claim 5, wherein the vector is pHR-241.
 8. The recombinant bacterium of claim 1, wherein the tumour antigen is tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP-2), MART-1, melanoma associated antigen 1 (MAGE1), Her-2/neu, or gp100. 